Circular Economy: Material Flows and Sustainable Materials – Practical Applications

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

2.12

The T-shirt: Emotionally Durable Clothing

T-shirts are one of the most used clothing items worldwide, with a growing global market. This case study looks at Emotionally Durable Design in fashion. We’ll explore how designing for longevity, quality, and consumer attachment can transform clothing from disposable commodities into valued parts of personal identity, aligning with social and ecological sustainability goals.

The video below traces the life cycle of a t-shirt, revealing its substantial environmental and social costs. From farm to closet, cotton production uses 2,700 liters of water and heavy pesticides. Manufacturing involves toxic dyes and poor labor conditions. Ultimately, fast fashion has made clothing the second largest polluter after oil.

But aren’t second hand collection programs part of the solution? Despite growing awareness, the global flow of used clothing exposes a systemic failure. Millions of tonnes of textiles, often from donation bins, are shipped to countries in the Global South. These nations become dumping grounds, overwhelming local economies and infrastructure, resulting in massive landfills and coastal pollution. True circularity demands designing systems that reclaim materials locally or ensure quality for dignified reuse. Watch the video How big fashion took over the second hand market here.

Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy

The current fast fashion model is dependent on rapid consumption, which inevitably leads to massive textile waste. While innovations in materials (like organic cotton or recycled polyester) are an improvement, they do not address the core problem: products are discarded long before they are physically worn out.

Emotionally Durable Design, a concept coined by designer Jonathan Chapman, focuses on extending product lifespans by strengthening the relationship between the user and the product. For a T-shirt, this means designing not just for physical toughness, but for emotional attachment, memory, and personal identity. A cherished, high-quality T-shirt that a person wants to keep for a decade has a radically different environmental footprint than one bought and discarded within a single season.

This design focus is a shift from the ‘make it recyclable’ strategy (R-recycling) to the highest-order R-strategies (R-refuse, R-reuse, R-repair), ensuring the item remains in use for as long as possible. The concept challenges businesses to view a product’s lifetime value through the lens of user attachment rather than planned obsolescence.

In the podcast here you can listen to an interview with Jonathan Chapman and get a more in-depth sense of the concept.

Blueprint for a Circular T-shirt Design

A truly circular T-shirt and the accompanying business model must address material, systemic, and social factors. This list follows a high-to-low priority framework:

R-Refuse and R-Rethink (Emotionally Durable Design): Design for emotional durability and timeless aesthetics, prioritizing quality over price, encouraging consumers to buy less.
R-Repair: Ensure the design allows for easy repair (using standard, visible seams and robust materials) and offer or incentivize repair services (Worn Wear model).
R-Reuse: Facilitate formal or informal systems for the garment to be resold or passed on when the user is finished with it.
R-Remanufacture: Design fabrics that can be broken down and turned back into new, high-quality fabric (textile-to-textile recycling) rather than downcycled.
R-Material Sourcing: Prioritize sustainable, non-virgin, and non-toxic materials (e.g., GOTS certified organic cotton, mechanically or chemically recycled fibers).
R-End-of-Life Responsibility: Implement take-back schemes and ensure all returned garments are processed within a closed-loop system, preventing material leakage into global waste streams.

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5

The T-shirt: Emotionally Durable Clothing

Emotionally Durable Design: Objects, Experiences and Empathy

Blueprint for a Circular T-shirt Design

Further reading, learning and references